Multi-party Quantum Private Comparison Based on the Entanglement Swapping of d-level Cat States and d-level Bell states

Abstract

In this paper, a novel multi-party quantum private comparison (MQPC) protocol with a semi-honest third party (TP) is proposed based on the entanglement swapping of d-level cat states and d-level Bell states. Here, TP is allowed to misbehave on his own but will not conspire with any party. In our protocol, n parties employ unitary operations to encode their private secrets and can compare the equality of their private secrets within one time execution of the protocol. Our protocol can withstand both the outside attacks and the participant attacks on the condition that none of the QKD methods is adopted to generate keys for security. One party cannot obtain other parties' secrets except for the case that their secrets are identical. The semi-honest TP cannot learn any information about these parties' secrets except the end comparison result on whether all private secrets from n parties are equal.

arXiv comment11 pages, 3 figures, 1 table

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• A novel multi-party semiquantum private comparison protocol of size relationship with d-dimensional single-particle states
• Multi-party quantum private comparison based on entanglement swapping of Bell entangled states within d-level quantum system
• Multi-party quantum private comparison of size relationship with two third parties based on d-dimensional Bell states
• A Multiparty Quantum Private Equality Comparison scheme relying on $|GH{Z}_3⟩$ states
• Cryptanalysis and improvement of several quantum private comparison protocols
• Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger-based quantum private comparison protocol with bit-flipping