Fractional Vortices, ${\mathbb{Z}}_2$ Gauge Theory, and the Confinement-Deconfinement Transition

Abstract

In this paper we discuss the classical 3D XY model whose nearest-neighbor interaction is a mixture of $\cos ({\theta }_i-{\theta }_j)$ (ferromagnetic) and $\cos 2({\theta }_i-{\theta }_j)$ (nematic). This model is dual to a theory with integer and half-integer vortices. While both types of vortices interact with a non-compact $U(1)$ gauge field (the "EM" interaction), the half-vortices interact with an extra interaction mediated by a ${\mathbb{Z}}_2$ gauge field. We shall discuss the confinement-deconfinement transition of the half-integer vortices, the Wilson and the 't Hooft loops and their mutual statistics in path integral language. In addition, we shall present a quantum version of the classical model which exhibits these physics.

arXiv comment4+4 pages, 3+0 figures

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