The Fate of the Universe Evolution in the Quadratic Form of Ricci-Gauss-Bonnet Cosmology

Abstract

We investigate the possibility of future singularity due to the accelerating expansion of the Universe. It has been found that the gravitational theory comprises Ricci scalar $R$ and Gauss-Bonnet invariant $\mathcal{G}$, known as $F(R,\mathcal{G})$ gravity, which can be viewed in the quadratic form. Three models are presented using Hubble parameters to represent a finite and infinite future. The parameters of the models are analyzed on the basis of their physical and geometrical properties. This study also explores the properties of the modified gravitational theory, and neither the future singularity nor the little or pseudo rip is posed as threats to the fate of the Universe. We present scalar perturbation approaches to perturbed evolution equations and demonstrate their stability.

14 pages, 12 figures

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Cited by in corpus (1)

• Late-Time Cosmic Acceleration in Ricci-Gauss-Bonnet Gravity via Gradient Descent Optimization