On-Chip Detection of Electronuclear Transitions in the ${}^{155,157}$Gd Multilevel Spin System

Abstract

The properties of rare-earth elements diluted in non-magnetic crystals make them a promising candidate for a quantum memory due to their limited Hilbert space. The control and readout of the qubit states require a highly sensitive measurement and large coupling of the spin ensemble with the electro-magnetic mode of a superconducting resonator. We report sensitive detection of forbidden transitions of electronuclear states from the minority species of ${}^{155}$Gd and ${}^{157}$Gd isotopes which opens the possibility of connecting quantum states with very different spin projections. Cavity perturbation measurements seen in the reflected signal allows the detection of about 7.6$\times 10^7$ spins and the measurement of spin decoherence rate and spin-photon coupling strength.