Time Orientability and Particle Production from Universal Horizons

Abstract

We discuss particle production in spacetimes endowed with a universal horizon in Einstein--Aether and Horava gravity. We argue that continuity and differentiability of the lapse function require the orientation of the foliation in the interior of the horizon to be reversed with respect to the exterior one. Unless this is allowed, interaction of gravitating scalar fields with the universal horizon leads to unitarity violations in the quantum theory. This property is responsible for particle production by the universal horizon, as we show by computing explicitly its Hawking temperature for all stationary and spherically symmetric spacetimes. We particularize our result to known analytic solutions, including those compatible with observational constraints.

6 pages, new title, minor changes. Matches journal version

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• On the Resilience of Black Hole Evaporation: Gravitational Tunneling through Universal Horizons
• Rescuing the Unruh Effect in Lorentz Violating Gravity
• Deep Learning solutions to singular ordinary differential equations: from special functions to spherical accretion
• Universal Horizons without Hypersurface Orthogonality