O'TRAIN: a robust and flexible Real/Bogus classifier for the study of the optical transient sky

Abstract

The scientific interest in studying high-energy transient phenomena in the Universe has largely grown for the last decade. Now, multiple ground-based survey projects have emerged to continuously monitor the optical (and multi-messenger) transient sky at higher image cadences and cover always larger portions of the sky every night. These novel approaches lead to a huge increase of the global alert rates which need to be handled with care especially by keeping the false alarms as low as possible. Therefore, the standard transient detection pipelines previously designed for narrow field of view instruments must now integrate more sophisticated tools to deal with the growing number and diversity of alerts and false alarms. Deep machine learning algorithms have now proven their efficiency in recognizing patterns in images. We explore this method to provide a robust and flexible algorithm that could be included in any kind of transient detection pipeline. We built a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm in order to perform a real/bogus classification task on transient candidate cutouts (subtraction residuals) provided by different kinds of optical telescopes. The training involved human-supervised labeling of the cutouts, which had been split in two balanced data sets with \textit{True} and \textit{False} point-like source candidates. We tested our CNN model on the candidates produced by two different transient detection pipelines. We show that our CNN algorithm can be successfully trained on a large diversity of images having very different pixel scales. Tested on optical images from four different telescopes and utilising two different transient detection pipelines, our CNN model provides robust real/bogus classification performance accuracy from 93% up to 98% of well classified candidates.

19 pages, 13 figures

References in corpus (13)

• The Zwicky Transient Facility: Data Processing, Products, and Archive
• The Zwicky Transient Facility: Science Objectives
• The Zwicky Transient Facility: Surveys and Scheduler
• The Koala: A Fast Blue Optical Transient with Luminous Radio Emission from a Starburst Dwarf Galaxy at $z=0.27$
• The first six months of the Advanced LIGO's and Advanced Virgo's third observing run with GRANDMA
• Radio and X-ray observations of the luminous Fast Blue Optical Transient AT2020xnd
• Convolutional Neural Networks for Transient Candidate Vetting in Large-Scale Surveys
• Transient-optimised real-bogus classification with Bayesian Convolutional Neural Networks -- sifting the GOTO candidate stream
• Detection of Flare-associated CME Candidates on Two M-dwarfs by GWAC and Fast, Time-resolved Spectroscopic Follow-ups
• Light curve classification with recurrent neural networks for GOTO: dealing with imbalanced data
• An Automatic Observation Management System of the GWAC Network I: System Architecture and Workflow
• MeerCRAB: MeerLICHT Classification of Real and Bogus Transients using Deep Learning
• A $\Delta R\sim 9.5$ mag Super Flare of An Ultracool Star Detected by $\text{SVOM/GWAC}$ System

Cited by in corpus (5)

• The Evryscope Fast Transient Engine: Real-Time Detection for Rapidly Evolving Transients
• The classification of real and bogus transients using active learning and semi-supervised learning
• Textual interpretation of transient image classifications from large language models
• Quantum Machine Learning for Identifying Transient Events in X-ray Light Curves
• Investigating the Effects of Point Source Injection Strategies on KMTNet Real/Bogus Classification