Inferring Shallow Surfaces on sub-Neptune Exoplanets with JWST

Abstract

Planets smaller than Neptune and larger than Earth make up the majority of the discovered exoplanets. Those with H${}_2$-rich atmospheres are prime targets for atmospheric characterization. The transition between the two main classes, super-Earths and sub-Neptunes, is not clearly understood as the rocky surface is likely not accessible to observations. Tracking several trace gases (specifically the loss of ammonia (NH${}_3$) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN)) has been proposed as a proxy for the presence of a shallow surface. In this work, we revisit the proposed mechanism of nitrogen conversion in detail and find its timescale on the order of a million years. NH${}_3$ exhibits dual paths converting to N${}_2$ or HCN, depending on the UV radiation of the star and the stage of the system. In addition, methanol (CH${}_3$OH) is identified as a robust and complementary proxy for a shallow surface. We follow the fiducial example of K2-18b with a 2D photochemical model (VULCAN) on an equatorial plane. We find a fairly uniform composition distribution below 0.1 mbar controlled by the dayside, as a result of slow chemical evolution. NH${}_3$ and CH${}_3$OH are concluded to be the most unambiguous proxies to infer surfaces on sub-Neptunes in the era of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).

Accepted for publication in ApJL