Rotation Curves of Galaxies and Their Dependence on Morphology and Stellar Mass

Abstract

We study how stellar rotation curves (RCs) of galaxies are correlated on average with morphology and stellar mass ($M_{\mathrm{star}}$) using the final release of Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV MaNGA data. We use the visually assigned $T$-types for the morphology indicator, and adopt a functional form for the RC that can model non-flat RCs at large radii. We discover that within the radial coverage of the MaNGA data, the popularly known flat rotation curve at large radii applies only to the particular classes of galaxies, i.e., massive late types ($T$-type $\ge 1$, $M_{\mathrm{star}}\gtrsim 10^{10.8}{M}_{\odot }$) and S0 types ($T$-type$=-1$ or $0$, $M_{\mathrm{star}}\gtrsim 10^{10.0}{M}_{\odot }$). The RC of late-type galaxies at large radii rises more steeply as $M_{\mathrm{star}}$ decreases, and its slope increases to about $+9$ km s${}^{-1}$kpc${}^{-1}$ at $M_{\mathrm{star}}\approx 10^{9.7}{M}_{\odot }$. By contrast, elliptical galaxies ($T$-type $\le -2$) have descending RCs at large radii. Their slope becomes more negative as $M_{\mathrm{star}}$ decreases, and reaches as negative as $-15$ km s${}^{-1}$kpc${}^{-1}$ at $M_{\mathrm{star}}\approx 10^{10.2}{M}_{\odot }$. We also find that the inner slope of the RC is highest for elliptical galaxies with $M_{\mathrm{star}}\approx 10^{10.5}{M}_{\odot }$, and decreases as $T$-type increases or $M_{\mathrm{star}}$ changes away from $10^{10.5}{M}_{\odot }$. The velocity at the turnover radius $R_t$ is higher for higher $M_{\mathrm{star}}$, and $R_t$ is larger for higher $M_{\mathrm{star}}$ and later $T$-types. We show that the inner slope of the RC is coupled with the central surface stellar mass density, which implies that the gravitational potential of central regions of galaxies is dominated by baryonic matter. With the aid of simple models for matter distribution, we discuss what determines the shapes of RCs.

18 pages, 15 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in the ApJ