Semiclassical black holes and horizon singularities

Abstract

In spherical symmetry, solutions of the semiclassical Einstein equations belong to one of two possible classes. Both classes contain solutions that -- depending on the dynamic behavior of the horizon -- describe evaporating physical black holes or expanding white holes (trapped/anti-trapped regions that form in finite time of a distant observer). These solutions are real-valued only if the null energy condition (NEC) is violated in the vicinity of the Schwarzschild sphere. We review their properties and describe the only consistent black hole formation scenario. While the curvature scalars are finite on the outer apparent/anti-trapping horizon, it is still a weakly singular surface. This singularity manifests itself in a mild firewall. Near the inner apparent horizon, the NEC is satisfied. Models of static regular black holes are known to be unstable, but since dynamic models of regular black holes are severely constrained by self-consistency requirements, their stability requires further investigation.

arXiv comment12 pages, 3 figures. Published version. Invited contribution to the special topic collection "Celebrating Sir Roger Penrose's Nobel Prize" published in AVS Quantum Science. Comments welcome!

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