Cosmological forecasts on thermal axions, relic neutrinos and light elements

Abstract

One of the targets of future Cosmic Microwave Background and Baryon Acoustic Oscillation measurements is to improve the current accuracy in the neutrino sector and reach a much better sensitivity on extra dark radiation in the Early Universe. In this paper we study how these improvements can be translated into constraining power for well motivated extensions of the Standard Model of elementary particles that involve axions thermalized before the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) phase transition by scatterings with gluons. Assuming a fiducial $\Lambda$CDM cosmological model, we simulate future data for Stage-IV CMB-like and Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI)-like surveys and analyze a mixed scenario of axion and neutrino hot dark matter. We further account also for the effects of these QCD axions on the light element abundances predicted by Big Bang Nucleosynthesis. The most constraining forecasted limits on the hot relic masses are $m_{\mathrm{a}}\lesssim 0.92$ eV and $\sum m_{\nu }\lesssim 0.12$ eV at 95 per cent Confidence Level, showing that future cosmic observations can substantially improve the current bounds, supporting multi-messenger analyses of axion, neutrino and primordial light element properties.

10 pages, 5 figures. Version Published in MNRAS

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• Inflation, the Hubble Tension and Early Dark Energy: an alternative overview
• Quantifying the global "CMB tension" between the Atacama Cosmology Telescope and the Planck satellite in extended models of cosmology
• Towards a reliable calculation of relic radiation from primordial gravitational waves
• Flavor Violating Axions in the Early Universe
• Two sides of the same coin: sterile neutrinos and dark radiation. Status and perspectives
• A novel model-marginalized cosmological bound on the QCD axion mass
• Lensing impact on cosmic relics and tensions
• Axion signatures from supernova explosions through the nucleon electric-dipole portal