The 3-adic valuations of Stirling numbers of the first kind

Abstract

Let $v_3$ denote the usual $3$-adic valuation, and let $s(n,k)$ be the unsigned Stirling number of the first kind. In this paper, for $a\in \{1,2\}$, we determine the values of $v_3(s(a{3}^n,k))$ for all $1\le k\le a{3}^n$. More precisely, for each admissible pair $(m,k)$, we obtain an explicit formula for $v_3(s(a{3}^n,a{3}^m-k))$. The proof combines properties of the $m$-th Stirling numbers of the first kind with a detailed analysis of the relevant $3$-adic orders. As a consequence, we prove the case $p=3$ of a conjecture of Hong and Qiu proposed in 2020. We also derive formulas near the diagonal, comparison results for the adjacent orders $a{3}^n$ and $a{3}^n+1$, sharp upper bounds for the families $v_3(s(3^n,k))$ and $v_3(s(2\cdot 3^n,k))$, and partial confirmations of conjectures of Lengyel and of Leonetti and Sanna.

Substantially revised version. The author list has been updated