Beamforming Technologies for Ultra-Massive MIMO in Terahertz Communications
arXiv:2107.03032 · doi:10.1109/OJCOMS.2023.3245669
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) communications with a frequency band THz are envisioned as a promising solution to future high-speed wireless communication. Although with tens of gigahertz available bandwidth, THz signals suffer from severe free-spreading loss and molecular-absorption loss, which limit the wireless transmission distance. To compensate for the propagation loss, the ultra-massive multiple-input-multiple-output (UM-MIMO) can be applied to generate a high-gain directional beam by beamforming technologies. In this paper, a review of beamforming technologies for THz UM-MIMO systems is provided. Specifically, we first present the system model of THz UM-MIMO and identify its channel parameters and architecture types. Then, we illustrate the basic principles of beamforming via UM-MIMO and discuss the far-field and near-field assumptions in THz UM-MIMO. Moreover, an important beamforming strategy in THz band, i.e., beam training, is introduced wherein the beam training protocol and codebook design approaches are summarized. The intelligent-reflecting-surface (IRS)-assisted joint beamforming and multi-user beamforming in THz UM-MIMO systems are studied, respectively. The spatial-wideband effect and frequency-wideband effect in the THz beamforming are analyzed and the corresponding solutions are provided. Further, we present the corresponding fabrication techniques and illuminate the emerging applications benefiting from THz beamforming. Open challenges and future research directions on THz UM-MIMO systems are finally highlighted.
arXiv commentThis paper has been published: B. Ning et al., "Beamforming Technologies for Ultra-Massive MIMO in Terahertz Communications," in IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, vol. 4, pp. 614-658, 2023, doi: 10.1109/OJCOMS.2023.3245669. URL:https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10045774
References in corpus (34)
- Scaling up MIMO: Opportunities and Challenges with Very Large Arrays
- An Overview of Signal Processing Techniques for Millimeter Wave MIMO Systems
- Channel Estimation and Hybrid Precoding for Millimeter Wave Cellular Systems
- Alternating Minimization Algorithms for Hybrid Precoding in Millimeter Wave MIMO Systems
- Millimeter Wave Wireless Communications: New Results for Rural Connectivity
- Millimeter Wave Beamforming for Wireless Backhaul and Access in Small Cell Networks
- Beyond Massive-MIMO: The Potential of Data-Transmission with Large Intelligent Surfaces
- Hierarchical Codebook Design for Beamforming Training in Millimeter-Wave Communication
- Compressed Channel Estimation and Joint Beamforming for Intelligent Reflecting Surface-Assisted Millimeter Wave Systems
- Spatial- and Frequency-Wideband Effects in Millimeter-Wave Massive MIMO Systems
- Massive MIMO has Unlimited Capacity
- Combating the Distance Problem in the Millimeter Wave and Terahertz Frequency Bands
- Intelligent Reflecting Surface Aided Multigroup Multicast MISO Communication Systems
- Matrix-Calibration-Based Cascaded Channel Estimation for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Assisted Multiuser MIMO
- On Low-Resolution ADCs in Practical 5G Millimeter-Wave Massive MIMO Systems
- Sinusoidally-Modulated Graphene Leaky-Wave Antenna for Electronic Beamscanning at THz
- A Rate Splitting Strategy for Massive MIMO with Imperfect CSIT
- Delay-Phase Precoding for Wideband THz Massive MIMO
- On the Spectral Efficiency of Massive MIMO Systems with Low-Resolution ADCs
- An Overview on Resource Allocation Techniques for Multi-User MIMO Systems
- Joint Transceiver and Large Intelligent Surface Design for Massive MIMO MmWave Systems
- Degrees of Freedom of Time Correlated MISO Broadcast Channel with Delayed CSIT
- BDMA for Millimeter-Wave/Terahertz Massive MIMO Transmission with Per-Beam Synchronization
- Cooperative Beam Routing for Multi-IRS Aided Communication
- Digital Metasurface Based on Graphene: An Application to Beam Steering in Terahertz Plasmonic Antennas
- Hybrid Beamforming for Terahertz Wireless Communications: Challenges, Architectures, and Open Problems
- Beamforming Optimization for Intelligent Reflecting Surface Assisted MIMO: A Sum-Path-Gain Maximization Approach
- Millimeter Wave Beam Alignment: Large Deviations Analysis and Design Insights
- Broadband Channel Estimation for Intelligent Reflecting Surface Aided mmWave Massive MIMO Systems
- Eigen-Based Transceivers for the MIMO Broadcast Channel with Semi-Orthogonal User Selection
- Hybrid Beamforming for Terahertz Multi-Carrier Systems over Frequency Selective Fading
- Two-Step Codeword Design for Millimeter Wave Massive MIMO Systems with Quantized Phase Shifters
- A Unified 3D Beam Training and Tracking Procedure for Terahertz Communication
- Network Massive MIMO Transmission Over Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Bands: Mobility Enhancement and Blockage Mitigation
Cited by in corpus (11)
- Near-Field Communications: A Tutorial Review
- An Adaptive and Robust Deep Learning Framework for THz Ultra-Massive MIMO Channel Estimation
- 6G: The Intelligent Network of Everything
- Near-Field Wideband Secure Communications: An Analog Beamfocusing Approach
- ISAC-Enabled Beam Alignment for Terahertz Networks: Scheme Design and Coverage Analysis
- Angularly Sparse Channel Estimation in Dual-Wideband Tera-Hertz (THz) Hybrid MIMO Systems Relying on Bayesian Learning
- Triple-Refined Hybrid-Field Beam Training for mmWave Extremely Large-Scale MIMO
- Movable Antenna Enhanced DF and AF Relaying Systems: Performance Analysis and Optimization
- VOMTC: Vision Objects for Millimeter and Terahertz Communications
- Hybrid Precoding With Low-Resolution PSs for Wideband Terahertz Communication Systems in The Face of Beam Squint
- DeepSeek-Inspired Exploration of RL-based LLMs and Synergy with Wireless Networks: A Survey