Observing symmetry-broken optimal paths of stationary Kardar-Parisi-Zhang interface via a large-deviation sampling of directed polymers in random media

Abstract

Consider the short-time probability distribution $\mathcal{P}(H,t)$ of the one-point interface height difference $h(x=0,\tau =t)-h(x=0,\tau =0)=H$ of the stationary interface $h(x,\tau )$ described by the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang equation. It was previously shown that the optimal path -- the most probable history of the interface $h(x,\tau )$ which dominates the upper tail of $\mathcal{P}(H,t)$ -- is described by any of \emph{two} ramp-like structures of $h(x,\tau )$ traveling either to the left, or to the right. These two solutions emerge, at a critical value of $H$, via a spontaneous breaking of the mirror symmetry $x\leftrightarrow -x$ of the optimal path, and this symmetry breaking is responsible for a second-order dynamical phase transition in the system. We simulate the interface configurations numerically by employing a large-deviation Monte Carlo sampling algorithm in conjunction with the mapping between the KPZ interface and the directed polymer in a random potential at high temperature. This allows us to observe the optimal paths, which determine each of the two tails of $\mathcal{P}(H,t)$, down to probability densities as small as $10^{-500}$. At short times we observe mirror-symmetry-broken traveling optimal paths for the upper tail, and a single mirror-symmetric path for the lower tail, in good quantitative agreement with analytical predictions. At long times, even at moderate values of $H$, where the optimal fluctuation method is \emph{not} supposed to apply, we still observe two well-defined dominating paths. Each of them violates the mirror symmetry $x\leftrightarrow -x$ and is a mirror image of the other.

11 pages, 9 figures

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