The Effect of Inefficient Accretion on Planetary Differentiation

Abstract

Pairwise collisions between terrestrial embryos are the dominant means of accretion during the last stage of planet formation. Hence, their realistic treatment in N-body studies is critical to accurately model the formation of terrestrial planets and to develop interpretations of telescopic and spacecraft observations. In this work, we compare the effects of two collision prescriptions on the core-mantle differentiation of terrestrial planets: a model in which collisions are always completely accretionary (``perfect merging'') and a more realistic model based on neural networks that has been trained on hydrodynamical simulations of giant impacts. The latter model is able to predict the loss of mass due to imperfect accretion and the evolution of non-accreted projectiles in hit-and-run collisions. We find that the results of the neural-network model feature a wider range of final core mass fractions and metal-silicate equilibration pressures, temperatures, and oxygen fugacities than the assumption of perfect merging. When used to model collisions in N-body studies of terrestrial planet formation, the two models provide similar answers for planets more massive than 0.1 Earth's masses. For less massive final bodies, however, the inefficient-accretion model predicts a higher degree of compositional diversity. This phenomenon is not reflected in planet formation models of the solar system that use perfect merging to determine collisional outcomes. Our findings confirm the role of giant impacts as important drivers of planetary diversity and encourage a realistic implementation of inefficient accretion in future accretion studies.

arXiv comment21 pages, 2 tables, 7 figures. Published open access on PSJ: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/PSJ/abf0ad

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• Collision Chains among the Terrestrial Planets. III. Formation of the Moon
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• TOI-1075 b: A Dense, Massive, Ultra-Short Period Hot Super-Earth Straddling the Radius Gap
• Collision Chains among the Terrestrial Planets. II. An Asymmetry between Earth and Venus
• Rocky histories: The effect of high excitations on the formation of rocky planets
• Residual Neural Networks for the Prediction of Planetary Collision Outcomes
• Can metal-rich worlds form by giant impacts?
• Born Dry or Born Wet? A Palette of Water Growth Histories in TRAPPIST-1 Analogs and Compact Planetary Systems
• Constraining the Origin of Mars via Simulations of Multi-Stage Core Formation
• Metal-silicate mixing in planetesimal collisions