Evidence for an intermediate-mass black hole from a gravitationally lensed gamma-ray burst

Abstract

If gamma-ray bursts are at cosmological distances, they must be gravitationally lensed occasionally. The detection of lensed images with millisecond-to-second time delays provides evidence for intermediate-mass black holes, a population that has been difficult to observe. Several studies have searched for these delays in gamma-ray burst light curves, which would indicate an intervening gravitational lens. Among the $\sim 10^4$ gamma-ray bursts observed, there have been a handful of claimed lensing detections, but none have been statistically robust. Here we present a Bayesian analysis identifying gravitational lensing in the light curve of GRB950830. The inferred lens mass depends on the unknown lens redshift $z_l$, and is given by $(1+z_l)M_l=5.5_{-0.9}^{+1.7}\times 10^4$ M${}_{\odot }$ (90% credibility), which we interpret as evidence for an intermediate-mass black hole. The most probable configuration, with a lens redshift $z_l\sim 1$ and a gamma-ray burst redshift $z_s\sim 2$, yields a present day number density of $n_{\text{imbh}}\approx 2.3_{-1.6}^{+4.9}\times 10^3{\text{ Mpc}}^{-3}$ (90% credibility) with a dimensionless energy density $\hat{I}{\text{c◯}}_{\text{imbh}}\approx 4.6_{-3.3}^{+9.8}\times 10^{-4}$. The false alarm probability for this detection is $\sim 0.6\%$ with trial factors. While it is possible that GRB950830 was lensed by a globular cluster, it is unlikely since we infer a cosmic density inconsistent with predictions for globular clusters $\hat{I}{\text{c◯}}_{\text{gc}}\approx 8\times 10^{-6}$ at 99.8% credibility. If a significant intermediate-mass black hole population exists, it could provide the seeds for the growth of supermassive black holes in the early Universe.

22 pages, 12 figures