The fate of the Kondo cloud in a superconductor

Abstract

Magnetic impurities embedded in a metal are screened by the Kondo effect, signaled by the formation of an extended correlation cloud, the so-called Kondo or screening cloud. In a superconductor, the Kondo state turns into sub-gap Yu-Shiba-Rusinov (Shiba) states, and a quantum phase transition occurs between screened and unscreened phases once the superconducting energy gap $\Delta$ becomes sufficiently large compared to the Kondo temperature, $T_K$. Here we show that, although the Kondo state does not form in the unscreened phase, the Kondo cloud does exist in both quantum phases. However, while screening is complete in the screened phase, it is only partial in the unscreened phase. Compensation, a quantity introduced to characterize the integrity of the cloud, is universal, and shown to be related to the magnetic impurities' $g$-factor, monitored experimentally by bias spectroscopy.

5 pages, 4 figures, 3 pages of supplementary material

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• Scalable Effective Models for Superconducting Nanostructures: Applications to Double, Triple, and Quadruple Quantum Dots
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• A Large-$N$ Approach to Magnetic Impurities in Superconductors
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