Time Parametrizations in Long-Range Interacting Bose-Einstein Condensates

Abstract

Time-reparametrization invariance in general relativistic space-time does not allow us to single out a time in quantum mechanics in a mechanical way of measurement. Motivated by this problem, we examine this gauge invariance in the ground state of the quasi-stationary coarse-grained state of a long-range interacting closed system of identical or identified, macroscopic, and spatiotemporally inhomogeneous Bose-Einstein condensates in the thermodynamic and Newtonian limits. As a result, we find that it is a theoretical counterexample of this gauge invariance, except for proper-time translational invariance, at a coarse-grained level.

11 pages, 2 figures, revtex, v5: published version

References in corpus (3)

• Statistical mechanics and dynamics of solvable models with long-range interactions
• Core-halo distribution in the Hamiltonian Mean-Field Model
• Double Lynden-Bell Structure of Low-Energy Quasi-Stationary Distributions in the Hamiltonian Mean-Field Model