paper

If Loud Aliens Explain Human Earliness, Quiet Aliens Are Also Rare

arXiv:2102.01522 · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac2369

Abstract

If life on Earth had to achieve n 'hard steps' to reach humanity's level, then the chance of this event rose as time to the n-th power. Integrating this over habitable star formation and planet lifetime distributions predicts >99% of advanced life appears after today, unless n<3 and max planet duration <50Gyr. That is, we seem early. We offer this explanation: a deadline is set by 'loud' aliens who are born according to a hard steps power law, expand at a common rate, change their volumes' appearances, and prevent advanced life like us from appearing in their volumes. 'Quiet' aliens, in contrast, are much harder to see. We fit this three-parameter model of loud aliens to data: 1) birth power from the number of hard steps seen in Earth history, 2) birth constant by assuming a inform distribution over our rank among loud alien birth dates, and 3) expansion speed from our not seeing alien volumes in our sky. We estimate that loud alien civilizations now control 40-50% of universe volume, each will later control ~10^5 - 3x10^7 galaxies, and we could meet them in ~200Myr - 2Gyr. If loud aliens arise from quiet ones, a depressingly low transition chance (~10^-4) is required to expect that even one other quiet alien civilization has ever been active in our galaxy. Which seems bad news for SETI. But perhaps alien volume appearances are subtle, and their expansion speed lower, in which case we predict many long circular arcs to find in our sky.

To appear in Astrophysical Journal

References in corpus (14)

Cited by in corpus (1)