Nuclear polarization effects in atoms and ions

Abstract

In heavy atoms and ions, nuclear structure effects are significantly enhanced due to the overlap of the electron wave functions with the nucleus. This overlap rapidly increases with the nuclear charge $Z$. We study the energy level shifts induced by the electric dipole and electric quadrupole nuclear polarization effects in atoms and ions with $Z\ge 20$. The electric dipole polarization effect is enhanced by the nuclear giant dipole resonance. The electric quadrupole polarization effect is enhanced because the electrons in a heavy atom or ion move faster than the rotation of the deformed nucleus, thus experiencing significant corrections to the conventional approximation in which they `see' an averaged nuclear charge density. The electric nuclear polarization effects are computed numerically for $1s$, $2s$, $2p_{1/2}$ and high $ns$ electrons. The results are fitted with elementary functions of nuclear parameters (nuclear charge, mass number, nuclear radius and deformation). We construct an effective potential which models the energy level shifts due to nuclear polarization. This effective potential, when added to the nuclear Coulomb interaction, may be used to find energy level shifts in multi-electron ions, atoms and molecules. The fitting functions and effective potentials of the nuclear polarization effects are important for the studies of isotope shifts and nonlinearity in the King plot which are now used to search for new interactions and particles.

arXiv comment17 pages, 3 figures, 10 tables

References in corpus (12)

• Probing new light force-mediators by isotope shift spectroscopy
• Evidence for Nonlinear Isotope Shift in Yb${}^{+}$ Search for New Boson
• HITRAP: A facility at GSI for highly charged ions
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• Precision isotope shift measurements in Ca${}^{+}$ using highly sensitive detection schemes
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• Progress in quantum electrodynamics theory of highly charged ions
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• Enhanced violation of the Lorentz invariance and Einstein's equivalence principle in nuclei and atoms
• Part-per-billion measurement of the $4^2{S}_{1/2}\to 3^2{D}_{5/2}$ electric quadrupole transition isotope shifts between ${}^{42,44,48}$Ca${}^{+}$ and ${}^{40}$Ca${}^{+}$
• Non-linear isotope-shift effects in Be-like, B-like, and C-like argon

Cited by in corpus (5)

• Isotope Shifts in Cadmium as a Sensitive Probe for Physics Beyond the Standard Model
• Nonlinearities of King's plot and their dependence on nuclear radii
• Finite-nuclear-size effect in hydrogen-like ions with relativistic nuclear structure
• Calculation of isotope shifts and King plot nonlinearities in Ca${}^{+}$
• Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa unitarity deficit reduction via finite nuclear size