Momenta spacing distributions in anharmonic oscillators and the higher order finite temperature Airy kernel

Abstract

We rigorously compute the integrable system for the limiting $(N\to \infty )$ distribution function of the extreme momentum of $N$ noninteracting fermions when confined to an anharmonic trap $V(q)=q^{2n}$ for $n\in {\mathbb{Z}}_{\ge 1}$ at positive temperature. More precisely, the edge momentum statistics in the harmonic trap $n=1$ are known to obey the weak asymmetric KPZ crossover law which is realized via the finite temperature Airy kernel determinant or equivalently via a Painlevé-II integro-differential transcendent, cf. \cite{LW,ACQ}. For general $n\ge 2$, a novel higher order finite temperature Airy kernel has recently emerged in physics literature \cite{DMS} and we show that the corresponding edge law in momentum space is now governed by a distinguished Painlevé-II integro-differential hierarchy. Our analysis is based on operator-valued Riemann-Hilbert techniques which produce a Lax pair for an operator-valued Painlevé-II ODE system that naturally encodes the aforementioned hierarchy. As byproduct, we establish a connection of the integro-differential Painlevé-II hierarchy to a novel integro-differential mKdV hierarchy.

40 pages, 3 figures. Version 2 updates literature