A celestial matryoshka: Dynamical and spectroscopic analysis of the Albireo system

Abstract

We present a spectroscopic characterisation and a new orbital solution for the binary system beta Cyg Aa/Ac (MCA 55), the primary component (beta Cyg A) of the well-known wide double star Albireo. By matching evolutionary tracks to the physical parameters of all three Albireo stars (beta Cyg Aa, Ac and B) as obtained from a spectroscopic analysis of TIGRE and IUE spectra, we confirm that they are likely coeval. Our final orbit solution is based on radial-velocity measurements taken over a baseline exceeding $120$ years, combined with relative astrometry from speckle interferometric observations and the absolute astrometry from the Hipparcos and Gaia missions. Our final orbit solution has a period of $121.65_{-2.90}^{+3.34}$ years with an eccentricity of $0.20_{-0.02}^{+0.01}$. Thanks to the inclusion of the absolute astrometry, we find a mass ratio of $q=1.25_{-0.17}^{+0.19}$, and a total mass of $9.47_{-3.24}^{+5.88}$ M${}_{\odot }$, indicating that the secondary (Ac) is the more massive of the pair. These results strongly suggest the presence of a fourth, unseen, member of the Albireo system. Given the current photometric data it is likely that beta Cyg A is itself a hierarchical triple. We also derive the systemic proper motion, line-of-sight velocity, and an orbital parallax of the beta Cyg A system, allowing us to quantitatively assess the hypothesis that Albireo A and B form a physically bound and genealogically connected system. Finally, we find four potential members of a common proper motion group with Albireo, though none anywhere as close by as the Albireo components A to B.

final draft of accepted manuscript