Computational efficient deep neural network with difference attention maps for facial action unit detection

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a computational efficient end-to-end training deep neural network (CEDNN) model and spatial attention maps based on difference images. Firstly, the difference image is generated by image processing. Then five binary images of difference images are obtained using different thresholds, which are used as spatial attention maps. We use group convolution to reduce model complexity. Skip connection and $\text{1}\times \text{1}$ convolution are used to ensure good performance even if the network model is not deep. As an input, spatial attention map can be selectively fed into the input of each block. The feature maps tend to focus on the parts that are related to the target task better. In addition, we only need to adjust the parameters of classifier to train different numbers of AU. It can be easily extended to varying datasets without increasing too much computation. A large number of experimental results show that the proposed CEDNN is obviously better than the traditional deep learning method on DISFA+ and CK+ datasets. After adding spatial attention maps, the result is better than the most advanced AU detection method. At the same time, the scale of the network is small, the running speed is fast, and the requirement for experimental equipment is low.

References in corpus (4)

• Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition
• J$\hat{\text{A}}$A-Net: Joint Facial Action Unit Detection and Face Alignment via Adaptive Attention
• AU R-CNN: Encoding Expert Prior Knowledge into R-CNN for Action Unit Detection
• Relation Modeling with Graph Convolutional Networks for Facial Action Unit Detection