Percolation of the two-dimensional XY model in the flow representation

Abstract

We simulate the two-dimensional XY model in the flow representation by a worm-type algorithm, up to linear system size $L=4096$, and study the geometric properties of the flow configurations. As the coupling strength $K$ increases, we observe that the system undergoes a percolation transition $K_{\mathrm{perc}}$ from a disordered phase consisting of small clusters into an ordered phase containing a giant percolating cluster. Namely, in the low-temperature phase, there exhibits a long-ranged order regarding the flow connectivity, in contrast to the qusi-long-range order associated with spin properties. Near $K_{\mathrm{perc}}$, the scaling behavior of geometric observables is well described by the standard finite-size scaling ansatz for a second-order phase transition. The estimated percolation threshold $K_{\mathrm{perc}}=1.1053(4)$ is close to but obviously smaller than the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) transition point $K_{\mathrm{BKT}}=1.1193(10)$, which is determined from the magnetic susceptibility and the superfluid density. Various interesting questions arise from these unconventional observations, and their solutions would shed lights on a variety of classical and quantum systems of BKT phase transitions.