Historic behaviour vs. physical measures for irrational flows with multiple stopping points

Abstract

We study Birkhoff averages along trajectories of smooth reparameterizations of irrational linear flows of the two torus with two stopping points, say $\mathbf{p}$ and $\mathbf{q}$, of quadratic order. The limiting behaviour of such averages is independent of the starting point in a set of full Haar-Lebesgue measure and depends in an intricate way on the Diophantine properties of both the slope $\alpha$ of the linear flow as well as the relative position of $\mathbf{p}$ and $\mathbf{q}$. In particular, if $\alpha$ is Diophantine, then Birkhoff limits diverge almost everywhere (historic behaviour) and if $\alpha$ is sufficiently Liouville, then there exists some $\mathbf{p}$ and $\mathbf{q}$ such that the Birkhoff averages converge almost everywhere (unique physical measure).

53 pages, 10 figures v2: some typos fixed and 2 figures added