A probabilistic approach to the $\Phi$-variation of classical fractal functions with critical roughness

Abstract

We consider Weierstraß and Takagi-van der Waerden functions with critical degree of roughness. In this case, the functions have vanishing $p^{\text{th}}$ variation for all $p>1$ but are also nowhere differentiable and hence not of bounded variation either. We resolve this apparent puzzle by showing that these functions have finite, nonzero, and linear Wiener--Young $\Phi$-variation along the sequence of $b$-adic partitions, where $\Phi (x)=x/\sqrt{-\log x}$. For the Weierstraß functions, our proof is based on the martingale central limit theorem (CLT). For the Takagi--van der Waerden functions, we use the CLT for Markov chains if a certain parameter $b$ is odd, and the standard CLT for $b$ even.