The Complex Upper HR Diagram

Abstract

Several decades of observations of the most massive and most luminous stars have revealed a complex upper HR Diagram, shaped by mass loss, and inhabited by a variety of evolved stars exhibiting the consequences of their mass loss histories. This review presents a brief historical overview of the HR Diagram for massive stars, highlighting some of the primary discoveries and results from their observation in nearby galaxies. The chapters in this volume include reviews of our current understanding of different groups of evolved massive stars, all losing mass and in different stages of their evolution; the Luminous Blue Variables (LBVs), B[e] supergiants, the warm hypergiants, Wolf-Rayet stars, and the population of OB stars and supergiants in the Magellanic Clouds.

Introductory review chapter for e-book "Luminous stars in Nearby Galaxies" (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/galaxies/special_issues/Luminous)

References in corpus (42)

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• Mass-loss predictions for O and B stars as a function of metallicity
• Grids of stellar models with rotation - I. Models from 0.8 to 120 Msun at solar metallicity (Z = 0.014)
• The death of massive stars - I. Observational constraints on the progenitors of type II-P supernovae
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• The Discordance of Mass-Loss Estimates for Galactic O-Type Stars
• The Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury
• The empirical metallicity dependence of the mass-loss rate of O- and early B-type stars
• Spitzer SAGE Infrared Photometry of Massive Stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Revised Stellar Temperatures for Magellanic Cloud O Supergiants from FUSE and VLT-UVES Spectroscopy
• The Evolution of Massive Stars. I. Red Supergiants in the Magellanic Clouds
• Spitzer SAGE-SMC Infrared Photometry of Massive Stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• Quantitative Spectroscopy of 24 A supergiants in the Sculptor galaxy NGC 300: Flux weighted gravity luminosity relationship, metallicity and metallicity gradient
• Cepheid Period-Luminosity Relations in the Near-Infrared and the Distance to M31 from the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3
• Quantitative Spectroscopy of Blue Supergiant Stars in the Disk of M81: Metallicity, Metallicity Gradient and Distance
• Yellow and Red Supergiants in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• VLT spectroscopy of blue supergiants in IC 1613
• Red Supergiants in the Andromeda Galaxy (M31)
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• The Yellow and Red Supergiants of M33
• Yellow Supergiants in the Andromeda Galaxy (M31)
• Yellow Supergiants in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC): Putting Current Evolutionary Theory to the Test
• On the Social Traits of Luminous Blue Variables
• A New Distance to M33 Using Blue Supergiants and the FGLR Method
• Luminous and Variable Stars in M31 and M33. I. The Warm Hypergiants and Post-Red Supergiant Evolution
• The Supernova Progenitor Mass Distributions of M31 and M33: Further Evidence for an Upper Mass Limit
• A Spectroscopic Survey of Massive Stars in M31 and M33
• The M33 Variable Star Population Revealed by Spitzer
• Luminous and Variable Stars in M31 and M33. II. Luminous Blue Variables, Candidate LBVs, Fe II Emission Line Stars, and Other Supergiants
• Luminous and Variable Stars in M31 and M33. IV. Luminous Blue Variables, Candidate LBVs, and the B[e] Supergiants; How to Tell Them Apart
• Luminous and Variable Stars in M31 and M33. III. The Yellow and Red Supergiants and Post-Red Supergiant Evolution
• The Red Supergiant Content of M31
• The Cepheid distance to the Local Group Galaxy NGC 6822
• The Carnegie Hubble Program: The Infrared Leavitt Law in IC 1613
• Revisiting the Modified Eddington Limit for Massive Stars
• A point source survey of M31 with the Spitzer Space Telescope
• Luminous and Variable Stars in M31 and M33 V. The Upper HR Diagram
• Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of the Outburst Site of M31 RV. II. No Blue Remnant in Quiescence
• Luminous and Variable Stars in NGC 2403 and M81
• The Massive Star Population in M101. III. Spectra and Photometry of the Luminous and Variable Stars
• Giant eruptions of very massive stars

Cited by in corpus (2)

• Decade-long time-monitoring of candidate Luminous Blue Variable Stars in the two very metal-deficient compact dwarf galaxies DDO 68 and PHL 293B
• Monitoring broad emission-line components in spectra of the two low-metallicity dwarf compact star-forming galaxies SBS 1420+540 and J1444+4840