Eigenstate thermalization hypothesis and eigenstate-to-eigenstate fluctuations

Abstract

We investigate the extent to which the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis~(ETH) is valid or violated in the non-integrable and the integrable spin-$1/2$ XXZ chain. We perform the energy-resolved analysis of the statistical properties of matrix elements $\{O_{\gamma \alpha }\}$ of an observable $\hat{O}$ in the energy eigenstate basis. The Hilbert space is coarse-grained into energy shells of width ${\Delta }_E$, with which one can define a block submatrix ${\tilde{O}}^{(b,a)}$ consisting of elements between eigenstates in the $a$th and $b$th shells. Each block submatrix is characterized by constant values of $E_{\gamma \alpha }=(E_{\gamma }+E_{\alpha })/2\simeq \tilde{E}$ and ${\omega }_{\gamma \alpha }=(E_{\gamma }-E_{\alpha })\simeq \omega$ up to ${\Delta }_E$. We will show that all matrix elements within a block are statistically equivalent to each other in the non-integrable case. Their distribution is characterized by $\bar{E}$ and $\omega$, and follows the prediction of the ETH. In stark contrast, eigenstate-to-eigenstate fluctuations persist in the integrable case. Consequently, matrix elements $O_{\gamma \alpha }$ cannot be characterized by the energy parameters $E_{\gamma \alpha }$ and ${\omega }_{\gamma \alpha }$ only. Our result explains the origin for the breakdown of the fluctuation dissipation theorem in the integrable system. The eigenstate-to-eigenstate fluctuations sheds a new light on the meaning of the ETH.

revised version

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