Timing the Early Assembly of the Milky Way with the H3 Survey

Abstract

The archaeological record of stars in the Milky Way opens a uniquely detailed window into the early formation and assembly of galaxies. Here we use 11,000 main-sequence turn-off stars with well-measured ages, [Fe/H], [$\alpha$/Fe], and orbits from the H3 Survey and Gaia to time the major events in the early Galaxy. Located beyond the Galactic plane, $1\lesssim |Z|/\mathrm{kpc}\lesssim 4$, this sample contains three chemically distinct groups: a low metallicity population, and low-$\alpha$ and high-$\alpha$ groups at higher metallicity. The age and orbit distributions of these populations show that: 1) the high-$\alpha$ group, which includes both disk stars and the in-situ halo, has a star-formation history independent of eccentricity that abruptly truncated $8.3\pm 0.1$ Gyr ago ($z\simeq 1$); 2) the low metallicity population, which we identify as the accreted stellar halo, is on eccentric orbits and its star formation truncated $10.2{.}_{-0.1}^{+0.2}$ Gyr ago ($z\simeq 2$); 3) the low-$\alpha$ population is primarily on low eccentricity orbits and the bulk of its stars formed less than 8 Gyr ago. These results suggest a scenario in which the Milky Way accreted a satellite galaxy at $z\approx 2$ that merged with the early disk by $z\approx 1$. This merger truncated star formation in the early high-$\alpha$ disk and perturbed a fraction of that disk onto halo-like orbits. The merger enabled the formation of a chemically distinct, low-$\alpha$ disk at $z\lesssim 1$. The lack of any stars on halo-like orbits at younger ages indicates that this event was the last significant disturbance to the Milky Way disk.

submitted to AAS Journals

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