Thermal and radiation driving can produce observable disk winds in hard-state X-ray binaries

Abstract

X-ray signatures of outflowing gas have been detected in several accreting black-hole binaries, always in the soft state. A key question raised by these observations is whether these winds might also exist in the hard state. Here, we carry out the first full-frequency radiation hydrodynamic simulations of luminous ($\mathrm{L}=0.5{\mathrm{L}}_{\mathrm{Edd}}$) black-hole X-ray binary systems in both the hard and the soft state, with realistic spectral energy distributions (SEDs). Our simulations are designed to describe X-ray transients near the peak of their outburst, just before and after the hard-to-soft state transition. At these luminosities, it is essential to include radiation driving, and we include not only electron scattering, but also photoelectric and line interactions. We find powerful outflows with ${\dot{\mathrm{M}}}_{\mathrm{wind}}\simeq 2{\dot{\mathrm{M}}}_{\mathrm{acc}}$ are driven by thermal and radiation pressure in both hard and soft states. The hard-state wind is significantly faster and carries approximately 20 times as much kinetic energy as the soft-state wind. However, in the hard state the wind is more ionized, and so weaker X-ray absorption lines are seen over a narrower range of viewing angles. Nevertheless, for inclinations $\gtrsim 80^{\circ }$, blue-shifted wind-formed Fe XXV and Fe XXVI features should be observable even in the hard state. Given that the data required to detect these lines currently exist for only a single system in a {\em luminous} hard state -- the peculiar GRS~1915+105 -- we urge the acquisition of new observations to test this prediction. The new generation of X-ray spectrometers should be able to resolve the velocity structure.

Accepted for publication by MNRAS

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• The current state of disk wind observations in BHLMXBs through X-ray absorption lines in the iron band
• Simultaneous X-ray and optical spectroscopy of V404 Cygni supports the multi-phase nature of X-ray binary accretion disc winds
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• The origin of optical emission lines in the soft state of X-ray binary outbursts: the case of MAXI J1820+070
• Placing LOFAR-detected quasars in CIV emission space: implications for winds, jets and star formation
• A New Emulated Monte Carlo Radiative Transfer Disk-Wind Model: X-Ray Accretion Disk-wind Emulator -- XRADE
• SIROCCO: A Publicly Available Monte Carlo Ionization and Radiative Transfer Code for Astrophysical Outflows
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