Thermal and radiation driving can produce observable disk winds in hard-state X-ray binaries

Abstract

X-ray signatures of outflowing gas have been detected in several accreting black-hole binaries, always in the soft state. A key question raised by these observations is whether these winds might also exist in the hard state. Here, we carry out the first full-frequency radiation hydrodynamic simulations of luminous ($\mathrm{L}=0.5{\mathrm{L}}_{\mathrm{Edd}}$) black-hole X-ray binary systems in both the hard and the soft state, with realistic spectral energy distributions (SEDs). Our simulations are designed to describe X-ray transients near the peak of their outburst, just before and after the hard-to-soft state transition. At these luminosities, it is essential to include radiation driving, and we include not only electron scattering, but also photoelectric and line interactions. We find powerful outflows with ${\dot{\mathrm{M}}}_{\mathrm{wind}}\simeq 2{\dot{\mathrm{M}}}_{\mathrm{acc}}$ are driven by thermal and radiation pressure in both hard and soft states. The hard-state wind is significantly faster and carries approximately 20 times as much kinetic energy as the soft-state wind. However, in the hard state the wind is more ionized, and so weaker X-ray absorption lines are seen over a narrower range of viewing angles. Nevertheless, for inclinations $\gtrsim 80^{\circ }$, blue-shifted wind-formed Fe XXV and Fe XXVI features should be observable even in the hard state. Given that the data required to detect these lines currently exist for only a single system in a {\em luminous} hard state -- the peculiar GRS~1915+105 -- we urge the acquisition of new observations to test this prediction. The new generation of X-ray spectrometers should be able to resolve the velocity structure.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication by MNRAS

References in corpus (49)

• PLUTO: a Numerical Code for Computational Astrophysics
• Dynamics of line-driven disk winds in Active Galactic Nuclei
• Ubiquitous equatorial accretion disc winds in black hole soft states
• A catalogue of low-mass X-ray binaries in the Galaxy, LMC, and SMC (Fourth edition)
• States and transitions in black-hole binaries
• A Global Spectral Study of Black Hole X-ray Binaries
• The magnetic nature of disk accretion onto black holes
• Black hole feedback in the luminous quasar PDS 456
• The Accretion Disk Wind in the Black Hole GRO J1655-40
• High resolution Chandra HETG and RXTE observations of GRS 1915+105 : A hot disk atmosphere & cold gas enriched in Iron and Silicon
• The Chandra HETGS and RXTE view of GRS 1915+105
• Simultaneous Chandra and RXTE Spectroscopy of the Microquasar H~1743-322: Clues to Disk Wind and Jet Formation from a Variable Ionized Outflow
• Magnetically driven accretion in protoplanetary discs
• The evolution of the high-energy cut-off in the X-Ray spectrum of the GX 339-4 across a hard-to-soft transition
• On the role of the UV and X-ray radiation in driving a disk wind in X-ray binaries
• Multi-dimensional modelling of X-ray spectra for AGN accretion-disk outflows III: application to a hydrodynamical simulation
• Regulation of black-hole accretion by a disk wind during a violent outburst of V404 Cygni
• Accretion disc atmospheres and winds in low-mass X-ray binaries
• GRS 1915+105 in "Soft State": Nature of Accretion Disk Wind and Origin of X-Ray Emission
• Line-driven Disk Winds in Active Galactic Nuclei: The Critical Importance of Ionization and Radiative Transfer
• Modeling the Spectral Signatures of Accretion Disk Winds: A New Monte Carlo Approach
• Spectrum Synthesis Modeling of the X-ray Spectrum of GRO J1655-40 Taken During the 2005 Outburst
• The Discovery of Broad P Cygni X-ray Lines from Circinus X-1 with the Chandra High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer
• The truncated and evolving inner accretion disc of the black hole GX 339-4
• A Hybrid Magnetically/Thermally-Driven Wind in the Black Hole GRO J1655-40?
• The Impact of Accretion Disk Winds on the Optical Spectra of Cataclysmic Variables
• The Disk-Wind-Jet Connection in the Black Hole H 1743-322
• The evolution of GX 339-4 in the low-hard state as seen by NuSTAR and Swift
• The Accretion Disk Wind in the Black Hole GRS 1915+105
• Thermal Winds in Stellar Mass Black Hole and Neutron Star Binary Systems
• A Simple Disk Wind Model for Broad Absorption Line Quasars
• XMM-Newton observations reveal the disappearance of the wind in 4U 1630-47
• The low-luminosity accretion disc wind of the black hole transient V4641 Sagittarii
• An optically-thick disk wind in GRO J1655-40?
• 2-D Monte Carlo simulations of H I line formation in massive YSO disk winds
• Irradiation of Astrophysical Objects - SED and Flux Effects on Thermally Driven Winds
• The remarkable timing properties of a `hypersoft' state in GRO J1655-40
• A Thermal Wind Model for GRO J1655-40
• The thermal-radiative wind in low mass X-ray binary H 1743-322; Radiation hydrodynamic simulations
• The Disk Wind in the Neutron Star Low-mass X-Ray Binary GX 13+1
• An equatorial outflow in the black hole optical dipper Swift J1357.2-0933
• Radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of thermally-driven disc winds in X-ray binaries: A direct comparison to GRO J1655-40
• The luminosity dependence of thermally-driven disc winds in low-mass X-ray binaries
• The impact of thermal winds on the outburst lightcurves of black hole X-ray binaries
• Chandra high-resolution spectra of 4U~1630-47: the disappearance of the wind
• The long outburst of the black hole transient GRS 1716-249 observed in the X-ray and radio band
• Self Regulated Shocks in Massive Star Binary Systems
• The 2009 outburst of H~1743-322 as observed by RXTE
• Effects of Radiation Field Geometry on Line Driven Disc Winds

Cited by in corpus (20)

• Reflection Modeling of the Black Hole Binary 4U~1630$-$47: the Disk Density and Returning Radiation
• A persistent ultraviolet outflow from an accreting neutron star binary transient
• What powers the wind from the black hole accretion disc in GRO J1655-40?
• Discovery of optical outflows and inflows in the black hole candidate GRS 1716-249
• The thermal-radiative wind in the neutron star low mass X-ray binary GX 13+1
• The current state of disk wind observations in BHLMXBs through X-ray absorption lines in the iron band
• Simultaneous X-ray and optical spectroscopy of V404 Cygni supports the multi-phase nature of X-ray binary accretion disc winds
• Modeling Magnetic Disk-Wind State Transitions in Black Hole X-ray Binaries
• Outflows and spectral evolution in the eclipsing AMXP SWIFT J1749.4-2807 with NICER, XMM-Newton and NuSTAR
• Placing LOFAR-detected quasars in CIV emission space: implications for winds, jets and star formation
• The origin of optical emission lines in the soft state of X-ray binary outbursts: the case of MAXI J1820+070
• A New Emulated Monte Carlo Radiative Transfer Disk-Wind Model: X-Ray Accretion Disk-wind Emulator -- XRADE
• SIROCCO: A Publicly Available Monte Carlo Ionization and Radiative Transfer Code for Astrophysical Outflows
• The general applicability of self-similar solutions for thermal disc winds
• Radio emission from colliding outflows in high-mass X-ray binaries with strongly magnetized neutron stars
• Unveiling optical signatures of outflows in accreting white dwarfs
• Accretion disc winds in X-ray binaries
• Expected disk wind properties evolution along an X-ray Binary outburst
• Ultraviolet spectroscopy of the black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1820+070 across a state transition
• Flux-Averaged Force Multipliers