Oscillation tomography of the Earth with solar neutrinos and future experiments

Abstract

We study in details the Earth matter effects on the boron neutrinos from the Sun using recently developed 3D models of the Earth. The models have a number of new features of the density profiles, in particular, a substantial deviation from spherical symmetry. In this connection, we further elaborate on relevant aspects of oscillations (${\epsilon }^2$ corrections, adiabaticity violation, entanglement, {\it etc.}) and the attenuation effect. The night excesses of the $\nu e-$ and $\nu N-$ events and the Day-Night asymmetries, $A_{ND}$, are presented in terms of the matter potential and the generalized energy resolution functions. The energy dependences of the cross-section and the flux improve the resolution, and consequently, sensitivity to remote structures of the profiles. The nadir angle ($\eta$) dependences of $A_{ND}$ are computed for future detectors DUNE, THEIA, Hyper-Kamiokande, and MICA at the South pole. Perspectives of the oscillation tomography of the Earth with the boron neutrinos are discussed. Next-generation detectors will establish the integrated day-night asymmetry with high confidence level. They can give some indications of the $\eta -$ dependence of the effect, but will discriminate among different models at most at the $(1-2)\sigma$ level. For high-level discrimination, the MICA-scale experiments are needed. MICA can detect the ice-soil borders and perform unique tomography of Antarctica.

arXiv comment17 pages, 12 figures

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• Solar neutrino measurements using the full data period of Super-Kamiokande-IV
• MeV-scale performance of water-based and pure liquid scintillator detectors
• Ultra-High-Energy Tau Neutrino Cross Sections with GRAND and POEMMA
• Solar neutrino physics
• Neutrino Oscillations through the Earth's Core
• Probing the Local Dark Matter Halo with Neutrino Oscillations
• Detector Requirements for Model-Independent Measurements of Ultrahigh Energy Neutrino Cross Sections
• Locating the Core-Mantle Boundary using Oscillations of Atmospheric Neutrinos
• Sensitivities of future reactor and long-baseline neutrino experiments to NSI
• Sensitivities of future solar neutrino observatories to NSI
• Earth tomography with supernova neutrinos at future neutrino detectors
• Shedding light on the $\Delta m_{21}^2$ tension with supernova neutrinos
• Lunar neutrinos
• Accounting for the Heisenberg and Pauli principles in the kinetic approach to neutrino oscillations