Tidal disruptions of main sequence stars -- IV. Relativistic effects and dependence on black hole mass

Abstract

Using a suite of fully relativistic hydrodynamic simulations applied to main-sequence stars with realistic internal density profiles, we examine full and partial tidal disruptions across a wide range of black hole mass ($10^5\le M_{\mathrm{BH}}/{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }\le 5\times 10^7$) and stellar mass ($0.3\le M_{\star }/{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }\le 3$) as larger $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$ leads to stronger relativistic effects. For fixed $M_{\star }$, as $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$ increases, the ratio of the maximum pericenter distance yielding full disruptions (${\mathcal{R}}_{\mathrm{t}}$) to its Newtonian prediction rises rapidly, becoming triple the Newtonian value for $M_{\mathrm{BH}}=5\times 10^7{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$, while the ratio of the energy width of the stellar debris for full disruptions to the Newtonian prediction decreases steeply, resulting in a factor of two correction at $M_{\mathrm{BH}}=5\times 10^7{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$. We find that for partial disruptions, the fractional remnant mass for a given ratio of the pericenter to ${\mathcal{R}}_{\mathrm{t}}$ is higher for larger $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$. These results have several implications. As $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$ increases above $\sim 10^7{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$, the cross section for complete disruptions is suppressed by competition with direct capture. However, the cross section ratio for partial to complete disruptions depends only weakly on $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$. The relativistic correction to the debris energy width delays the time of peak mass-return rate and diminishes the magnitude of the peak return rate. For $M_{\mathrm{BH}}\gtrsim 10^7{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$, the $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$-dependence of the full disruption cross section and the peak mass-return rate and time is influenced more by relativistic effects than by Newtonian dynamics.

13 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in ApJ

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