Review of the AC Loss Computation for HTS using the H-formulation

Abstract

This article presents a review of the finite element method (FEM) model based on the $H$ formulation of Maxwell's equations used to calculate AC losses in high temperature superconductor (HTS) tapes, cables and windings for different applications. This model, which uses the components of the magnetic field as state variables, has been gaining a great popularity and has been in use in tens of research groups around the world. This contribution first reviews the equations on which the model is based and their implementation in finite element method programs for different cases, such 2D longitudinal and axis-symmetric geometries, 3D geometries. Modeling strategies to tackle large number of HTS tapes, such as multi-scale and homogenization methods, are also introduced. Then, the second part of the article reviews the applications for which the $H$ formulations has been used to calculate AC losses, ranging from individual tapes, to complex cables and large magnet windings. Afterwards, a section is dedicated to the discussion of the $H$ formulation in terms of computational efficiency and easiness of implementation. Its pros and cons are listed. Finally, the last section draws the main conclusions.

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• Electromagnetic Modeling of Superconductors with Commercial Software: Possibilities with Two Vector Potential-Based Formulations
• $H$-$\varphi$ formulation in Sparselizard combined with domain decomposition methods for modeling superconducting tapes, stacks, and twisted wires
• Fast and efficient critical state modelling of field-cooled bulk high-temperature superconductors using a backward computation method
• Fully-staggered-array bulk Re-Ba-Cu-O short-period undulator: large-scale 3D electromagnetic modelling and design optimization using A-V and H-formulation methods
• Magnetization Current Simulation of High Temperature Bulk Superconductors Using A-V-A Formulation and Iterative Algorithm Method: Critical State Model and Flux Creep Model
• 3D Homogenized T-A Formulation for Modeling HTS Coils
• Electromagnetic modeling of large-scale high-temperature superconductor systems
• An efficient HTS electromagnetic model combining thin-strip, homogeneous and multi-scale methods by T-A formulation