Self-consistent Modelling of Gamma-Ray Spectra from Solar Flares with the Monte Carlo Simulation Package FLUKA

Abstract

We use the Monte Carlo particle physics code FLUKA (Fluktuierende Kaskade) to calculate $\gamma$-ray spectra expected from solar flare energetic ion distributions. The FLUKA code includes robust physics-based models for electromagnetic, hadronic and nuclear interactions, sufficiently detailed for it to be a useful tool for calculating nuclear de-excitation, positron annihilation and neutron capture line fluxes and shapes, as well as $\approx \mathrm{GeV}$ continuum radiation from pion decay products. We show nuclear de-excitation $\gamma$-ray line model spectra from a range of assumed primary accelerated ion distributions and find them to be in good agreement with those found using the code of Murphy et al. (2009). We also show full $\gamma$-ray model spectra which exhibit all the typical structures of $\gamma$-ray spectra observed in solar flares. From these model spectra we build templates which are incorporated into the software package Objective Spectral Executive (OSPEX) and used to fit the combined Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM)/Large Area Telescope (LAT) spectrum of the 2010 June 12 solar flare, providing a statistically acceptable result. To the best of our knowledge, the fit carried out with the FLUKA templates for the full $\gamma$-ray spectrum can be regarded as the first attempt to use a single code to implement a self-consistent treatment of the several spectral components in the photon energy range from $\approx 100$s $\mathrm{keV}$ to $\approx 100$s $\mathrm{MeV}$.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in Solar Physics

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• The Fermi Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor
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• Deducing Electron Properties From Hard X-Ray Observations
• The Monte Carlo Event Generator DPMJET-III
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• Fermi Detection of γ-ray emission from the M2 Soft X-ray Flare on 2010 June 12
• Solar Neutron Events of October-November 2003
• Measurement of the high-energy gamma-ray emission from the Moon with the Fermi Large Area Telescope
• Energetic gamma-ray emission from solar flares
• High resolution gamma ray spectroscopy of flares on the east and west limbs of the Sun
• FLUKA Simulations of Pion Decay Gamma-radiation from Energetic Flare Ions
• GEANT4 Simulations of Gamma-Ray Emission from Accelerated Particles in Solar Flares
• Secondary Cosmic Ray particles due to GCR interactions in the Earth's atmosphere

Cited by in corpus (4)

• FLUKA cross sections for cosmic-ray interactions with the DRAGON2 code
• FLUKA Simulations of Pion Decay Gamma-radiation from Energetic Flare Ions
• Gamma-ray emission in proton-induced nuclear reactions on natC and Mylar targets over the incident energy range of Ep = 30-200 MeV. Astrophysical implications
• Solar Gamma-Ray Evidence for a Distinct Population of $>$ 1 MeV Flare-Accelerated Electrons