Extended Nyquist formula for a resistance subject to a heat flow

Abstract

The Nyquist formula quantifies the thermal noise driven fluctuations of voltage across a resistance in equilibrium. We deal here with the case of a resistance driven out of equilibrium by putting it in contact with two thermostats at different temperatures. We reach a non-equilibrium steady state where a heat flux is flowing through the resistance. Our measurements demonstrate anyway that a simple extension of the Nyquist formula to the non uniform temperature field describes with an excellent precision the thermal noise. For a metallic ohmic material, the fluctuations are actually equivalent to those of a resistance in equilibrium with a single thermostat at the mean temperature between the hot and cold sources.

References in corpus (14)

• Energy flow, partial equilibration and effective temperatures in systems with slow dynamics
• Fluctuation-Dissipation: Response Theory in Statistical Physics
• The effective temperature
• Nonequilibrium dynamics and fluctuation-dissipation relation in a sheared fluid
• Observation of Fluctuation-Dissipation-Theorem Violations in a Structural Glass
• Fluctuation-dissipation ratio of a spin glass in the aging regime
• Fluctuation-Dissipation-Theorem violation during the formation of a colloidal-glass
• Non-conservative forces and effective temperatures in active polymers
• Statistical properties of the energy exchanged between two heat baths coupled by thermal fluctuations
• Effects of breaking vibrational energy equipartition on measurements of temperature in macroscopic oscillators subject to heat flux
• Fluctuation-Dissipation Relations and statistical temperatures in a turbulent von Kármán flow
• A Direct Approach for the Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem under Non-Equilibrium Steady-State Conditions
• Low thermal fluctuations in a system heated out of equilibrium
• Fluctuation-dissipation relation on a Melde string in a turbulent flow, considerations on a "dynamical temperature"

Cited by in corpus (3)

• Thermal noise of a cryo-cooled silicon cantilever locally heated up to its melting point
• Extended equipartition in a mechanical system subject to a heat flow: the case of localised dissipation
• Non-local origin and correlations in the Johnson noise at nonuniform temperatures