Stochastic Averaging of The Einstein Vacuum Equations on a Toroidal Manifold with Randomly Perturbed Radial Moduli: Stability Criteria and Induced 'Cosmological Constant' Terms

Abstract

The Einstein vacuum equations on an (n+1)-dimensional toroidal manifold ${\mathbb{M}}^{n+1}={\mathbb{T}}^n\times {\mathbb{R}}^{+}$ reduce to a system of n-dimensional nonlinear ODEs in terms of the set of toroidal radii $(a_i{)}_{i=1}^n$ or the radial moduli fields $({\psi }_i{)}_{i=1}^n=(\log (a_i(t){)}_{i=1}^n$ of the n-torus ${\mathbb{T}}^n$. This geometry is also the basis of Kasner-Bianchi-type cosmologies. The equations are trivially satisfied for static solutions ${\psi }_i^E={\psi }^E$ or radii $a_i^E=a^E$, describing an initially static toroidal 'micro-universe' or 'vacuum bubble'. It is Lyapunov stable to short-pulse deterministic perturbations, which have a sharp Gaussian profile: the perturbed radii rapidly converge to new attractors and therefore to new stable equilibria. These perturbations induce transitions between stable states. Introducing classical random fluctuations or perturbations, with a regulated covariance, the radial moduli become Gaussian random fields paramatrizing a 'toroidal random geometry'. The randomly perturbed Einstein equations are then interpreted as a stochastic n-dimensional nonlinear dynamical system. Non-vanishing 'cosmological constant' terms are retained within the averaged equations since they are nonlinear. This is analogous to averaging the Navier-Stokes equations in statistical turbulence theory, which yields an additional non-vanishing Reynolds term, since like the Einstein equations they are also of nonlinear hyperbolic type. The expectations of the randomly perturbed toric radii can be estimated from a cumulant expansion method. The initially static toroidal vacuum bubble undergoes eternal 'noise-induced' stochastic exponential growth or inflation. Random radial moduli fields within this scenario therefore act like a 'dark energy'. Finally, a class of random perturbations is considered for which this Einstein system is stable.

arXiv comment83 pages, revised. New title. Minor errors and typos corrected, notation changes

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