Pseudoradial spaces and copies of $\ddot{I}{‰}_1+1$

Abstract

In this paper we compare the concepts of pseudoradial spaces and the recently defined strongly pseudoradial spaces in the realm of compact spaces. We show that $\mathrm{MA}+\mathfrak{c}=\ddot{I}{‰}_2$ implies that there is a compact pseudoradial space that is not strongly pseudoradial. We essentially construct a compact, sequentially compact space $X$ and a continuous function $f:X\to \ddot{I}{‰}_1+1$ in such a way that there is no copy of $\ddot{I}{‰}_1+1$ in $X$ that maps cofinally under $f$. We also give some conditions that imply the existence of copies of $\ddot{I}{‰}_1$ in spaces. In particular, $\mathrm{PFA}$ implies that compact almost radial spaces of radial character $\ddot{I}{‰}_1$ contain many copies of $\ddot{I}{‰}_1$.