Axon diameters and myelin content modulate microscopic fractional anisotropy at short diffusion times in fixed rat spinal cord

Abstract

Mapping tissue microstructure accurately and noninvasively is one of the frontiers of biomedical imaging. Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is at the forefront of such efforts, as it is capable of reporting on microscopic structures orders of magnitude smaller than the voxel size by probing restricted diffusion. Double Diffusion Encoding (DDE) and Double Oscillating Diffusion Encoding (DODE) in particular, are highly promising for their ability to report on microscopic fractional anisotropy (μFA), a measure of the pore anisotropy in its own eigenframe, irrespective of orientation distribution. However, the underlying correlates of μFA have insofar not been studied. Here, we extract μFA from DDE and DODE measurements at ultrahigh magnetic field of 16.4T in the aim to probe fixed rat spinal cord microstructure. We further endeavor to correlate μFA with Myelin Water Fraction (MWF) derived from multiexponential T2 relaxometry, as well as with literature-based spatially varying axonal diameters. In addition, a simple new method is presented for extracting unbiased μFA from three measurements at different b-values. Our findings reveal strong anticorrelations between μFA (derived from DODE) and axon diameter in the distinct spinal cord tracts; a moderate correlation was also observed between μFA derived from DODE and MWF. These findings suggest that axonal membranes strongly modulate μFA, which - owing to its robustness towards orientation dispersion effects - reflects axon diameter much better than its typical FA counterpart. The μFA exhibited modulations when measured via oscillating or blocked gradients, suggesting selective probing of different parallel path lengths and providing insight into how those modulate μFA metrics. Our findings thus shed light into the underlying microstructural correlates of μFA and are (...)

References in corpus (9)

• Random walk with barriers: Diffusion restricted by permeable membranes
• Diffusion time dependence of microstructural parameters in fixed spinal cord
• Insights into brain microstructure from in vivo DW-MRS
• Determination of the Defining Boundary in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Experiments
• Accurate estimation of microscopic diffusion anisotropy and its time dependence in the mouse brain
• Coherent dynamical recoupling of diffusion-driven decoherence in magnetic resonance
• Universal power-law scaling of water diffusion in human brain defines what we see with MRI
• Mapping axonal density and average diameter using non-monotonic time-dependent gradient-echo MRI
• Observation of structural universality in disordered systems using bulk diffusion measurement

Cited by in corpus (2)

• Accurate estimation of microscopic diffusion anisotropy and its time dependence in the mouse brain
• Validation and noise robustness assessment of microscopic anisotropy estimation with clinically feasible double diffusion encoding MRI