Efficient Reduction of Compressed Unitary plus Low-rank Matrices to Hessenberg form

Abstract

We present fast numerical methods for computing the Hessenberg reduction of a unitary plus low-rank matrix $A=G+U{V}^H$, where $G\in {\mathbb{C}}^{n\times n}$ is a unitary matrix represented in some compressed format using $O(nk)$ parameters and $U$ and $V$ are $n\times k$ matrices with $k<n$. At the core of these methods is a certain structured decomposition, referred to as a LFR decomposition, of $A$ as product of three possibly perturbed unitary $k$ Hessenberg matrices of size $n$. It is shown that in most interesting cases an initial LFR decomposition of $A$ can be computed very cheaply. Then we prove structural properties of LFR decompositions by giving conditions under which the LFR decomposition of $A$ implies its Hessenberg shape. Finally, we describe a bulge chasing scheme for converting the initial LFR decomposition of $A$ into the LFR decomposition of a Hessenberg matrix by means of unitary transformations. The reduction can be performed at the overall computational cost of $O(n^{2}k)$ arithmetic operations using $O(nk)$ storage. The computed LFR decomposition of the Hessenberg reduction of $A$ can be processed by the fast QR algorithm presented in [8] in order to compute the eigenvalues of $A$ within the same costs.