Nonequilibrium thermodynamics and optimal cooling of a dilute atomic gas
arXiv:1901.06188 · doi:10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.023245
Abstract
Characterizing and optimizing thermodynamic processes far from equilibrium is a challenge. This is especially true for nanoscopic systems made of few particles. We here theoretically and experimentally investigate the nonequilibrium dynamics of a gas of few noninteracting Cesium atoms confined in a nonharmonic optical dipole trap and exposed to degenerate Raman sideband cooling pulses. We determine the axial phase-space distribution of the atoms after each Raman cooling pulse by tracing the evolution of the gas with position-resolved fluorescence imaging. We evaluate from it the entropy production and the statistical length between each cooling steps. A single Raman pulse leads to a nonequilibrium state that does not thermalize on its own, due to the absence of interparticle collisions. Thermalization may be achieved by combining free phase-space evolution and trains of cooling pulses. We minimize the entropy production to a target thermal state to specify the optimal spacing between a sequence of equally spaced pulses and achieve in this way optimal thermalization. We finally use the statistical length to verify a refined version of the second law of thermodynamics. Altogether, these findings provide a general, theoretical and experimental, framework to analyze and optimize far-from-equilibrium processes of few-particle systems.
References in corpus (39)
- Stochastic thermodynamics, fluctuation theorems, and molecular machines
- Relaxation and Pre-thermalization in an Isolated Quantum System
- A single-atom heat engine
- The Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of Small Systems
- Entropy production as correlation between system and reservoir
- Measuring thermodynamic length
- A Quantum Gas Microscope for Fermionic Atoms
- Optimal finite-time processes in stochastic thermodynamics
- Experimental Test of Quantum Jarzynski Equality with a Trapped Ion System
- Experimental reconstruction of work distribution and verification of fluctuation relations at the full quantum level
- Thermodynamic metrics and optimal paths
- Thermodynamics of a Colloidal Particle in a Time-Dependent Non-Harmonic Potential
- Site-resolved Imaging of Fermionic Lithium-6 in an Optical Lattice
- Cooling a single atom in an optical tweezer to its quantum ground state
- Coherence and Raman sideband cooling of a single atom in an optical tweezer
- Optimal protocols and optimal transport in stochastic thermodynamics
- Nonequilibrium entropy production for open quantum systems
- Non-equilibrium steady-states in a driven-dissipative superfluid
- Work fluctuation theorems for harmonic oscillators
- Reversing the direction of heat flow using quantum correlations
- Irreversibility and the arrow of time in a quenched quantum system
- Measurement of Stochastic Entropy Production
- Spin-resolved single-atom imaging of Li in free space
- Zero-Point cooling and low heating of trapped 111Cd+ ions
- Using a quantum work meter to test non-equilibrium fluctuation theorems
- Creation of a Bose-condensed gas of rubidium 87 by laser cooling
- Experimental determination of irreversible entropy production in out-of-equilibrium mesoscopic quantum systems
- Exact non-equilibrium solutions of the Boltzmann equation under a time-dependent external force
- Near-optimal protocols in complex nonequilibrium transformations
- A Single Atom Thermometer for Ultracold Gases
- Precision Measurement of the 87-Rb Tune-Out Wavelength in the Hyperfine Ground State F=1 at 790 nm
- Thermodynamic Length, Time, Speed and Optimum Path to Minimize Entropy Production
- Far-from-Equilibrium Measurements of Thermodynamic Length
- Entropy production and asymptotic factorization via thermalization: a collisional model approach
- Experimental verification of quantum heat exchange fluctuation relation
- Geometrical bounds on irreversibility in open quantum systems
- Degenerate Raman sideband cooling of 39K
- Observing Power-Law Dynamics of Position-Velocity Correlation in Anomalous Diffusion
- Controlled doping of a bosonic quantum gas with single neutral atoms
Cited by in corpus (7)
- Coherent and dephasing spectroscopy for single-impurity probing of an ultracold bath
- Anomalous statistics of laser-cooled atoms in dissipative optical lattices
- Roadmap on Quantum Thermodynamics
- Thermodynamics and optimal protocols of multidimensional quadratic Brownian systems
- Experimental Observation of Partial Parity-Time Symmetry and Its Phase Transition with a Laser-Driven Cesium Atomic Gas
- Multiple Access Channel Simulation
- Controlling thermodynamics of a quantum heat engine with modulated amplitude drivings