Signatures of information scrambling in the dynamics of the entanglement spectrum

Abstract

We examine the time evolution of the entanglement spectrum of a small subsystem of a non-integrable spin chain following a quench from a product state. We identify signatures in this entanglement spectrum of the distinct dynamical velocities (related to entanglement and operator spreading) that control thermalization. We show that the onset of level repulsion in the entanglement spectrum occurs on different timescales depending on the "entanglement energy", and that this dependence reflects the shape of the operator front. Level repulsion spreads across the entire entanglement spectrum on timescales close to when the mutual information between individual spins at the ends of the subsystem reaches its maximum; this timescale is much shorter than that for full thermalization of the subsystem. We provide an analytical understanding of this phenomenon and show supporting numerical data for both random unitary circuits and a microscopic Hamiltonian.

4 + epsilon pages, 3 figures; Supplementary Material: 5 pages, 4 figures

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• Dynamical phase transitions of information flow in random quantum circuits
• Persistent Ballistic Entanglement Spreading with Optimal Control in Quantum Spin Chains
• Lieb-Robinson Bounds on Entanglement Gaps from Symmetry-Protected Topology
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• Optimal quantum reservoir learning in proximity to universality