Anatomy of entanglement and nonclassicality criteria
arXiv:1901.04045
Abstract
We examine the internal structure of two-mode entanglement criteria for quadrature- and number-phase-squeezed states. For criteria obtained from the partial transpose of the Schrödinger--Robertson inequality, we show that the additional covariance term effectively performs an optimization over the intra-mode rotations entering the criterion. We demonstrate this both for quadrature variables and for number-phase-squeezed states. We further show that Simon's criterion carries out this optimization automatically, which motivates a Simon-like criterion for number-phase-squeezed states that performs the optimization directly in the number-phase plane. We also analyze entanglement in terms of the product of the noises of the two modes, which we call the noise area. Analytically and numerically, we explore whether widely used entanglement criteria can be interpreted as searches for a noise area below unity. In particular, for the product form of the Duan--Giedke--Cirac--Zoller criterion, we show numerically that the minimum noise area obtained after optimization over intra-mode rotations equals the input nonclassicality that a beam splitter needs to generate the same amount of entanglement as the state under consideration. Finally, for Gaussian states we introduce an alternative entanglement measure that can also be extended to multimode settings, and we outline several open questions, including a simpler definition of entanglement depth for number-phase-squeezed states.
arXiv comment14 pages, 4 figures
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