Launching of hot gas outflow by disc-wide supernova explosions

Abstract

Galactic gas outflows are driven by stellar feedback with dominant contribution from supernovae (SN) explosions. The question of whether the energy deposited by SNe initiates a large scale outflow or gas circulation on smaller scales -- between discs and intermediate haloes, depends on SN rate and their distribution in space and time. We consider here gas circulation by disc-wide unclustered SNe with galactic star formation rate in the range from {$\simeq 6\times 10^{-4}$ to $\simeq 6\times 10^{-2}{M}_{\odot }$~yr${}^{-1}$~kpc${}^{-2}$, corresponding to mid-to-high star formation observed in galaxies. We show that such disc-wide SN explosion regime can form circulation of warm ($T\sim 10^4$ K) and cold ($T<10^3$ K) phases within a few gas scale heights, and elevation of hot {($T>10^5$ K)} gas at higher ($z>1$ kpc) heights. We found that the threshold energy input rate for hot gas outflows with disc-wide supernovae explosions is estimated to be of the order $\sim 4\times 10^{-4}$~erg~s${}^{-1}$~cm${}^{-2}$. We discuss the observational manifestations of such phenomena in optical and X-ray bands. In particular, we found that for face-on galaxies with SF (${\Sigma }_{{}_{\mathrm{SF}}}>0.02M_{\odot }$~yr${}^{-1}$~kpc${}^{-2}$), the line profiles of ions typical for warm gas show a double-peak shape, corresponding to out-of-plane outflows. In the X-ray bands, galaxies with high SF rates (${\Sigma }_{{}_{\mathrm{SF}}}>0.006M_{\odot }$~yr${}^{-1}$~kpc${}^{-2}$) can be bright, with a smooth surface brightness in low-energy bands ($0.1–0.3$~keV) and patchy at higher energies ($1.6–8.3$~keV).}

11 pages, 11 figures

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Cited by in corpus (4)

• Simple Yet Powerful: Hot Galactic Outflows Driven by Supernovae
• Radio halos of star forming galaxies
• Disc-halo gas outflows driven by stellar clusters as seen in multiwavelength tracers
• Velocity Dispersion and H$\alpha$ emission of Ionized Gas in Star-forming Regions