The Formation of Solar System Analogs in Young Star Clusters

Abstract

The Solar system was once rich in the short-lived radionuclide (SLR) ${}^{26}$Al\, but deprived in ${}^{60}$Fe. Several models have been proposed to explain these anomalous abundances in SLRs, but none has been set within a self-consistent framework of the evolution of the Solar system and its birth environment. The anomalous abundance in ${}^{26}$Al may have originated from the accreted material in the wind of a massive $\apgt 20$\,$M_{\odot }$ Wolf-Rayet star, but the star could also have been a member of the parental star-cluster instead of an interloper or an older generation that enriched the proto-solar nebula. The protoplanetary disk at that time was already truncated around the Kuiper-cliff (at $45$ au) by encounters with another cluster members before it was enriched by the wind of the nearby Wolf-Rayet star. The supernova explosion of a nearby star, possibly but not necessarily the exploding Wolf-Rayet star, heated the disk to $\apgt 1500$K, melting small dust grains and causing the encapsulation and preservation of ${}^{26}$Al into vitreous droplets. This supernova, and possibly several others, caused a further abrasion of the disk and led to its observed tilt of $5.6\pm 1.2^{\circ }$ with respect to the Sun's equatorial plane. The abundance of ${}^{60}$Fe originates from a supernova shell, but its preservation results from a subsequent supernova. At least two supernovae are needed (one to deliver ${}^{60}$Fe\, and one to preserve it in the disk) to explain the observed characteristics of the Solar system. The most probable birth cluster then has $N=2500\pm 300$ stars and a radius of $r_{\mathrm{vir}}=0.75\pm 0.25$ pc. We conclude that Solar systems equivalent systems form in the Milky Way Galaxy at a rate of about 30 per Myr, in which case approximately 36,000 Solar system analogues roam the Milky Way.

Submitted to A&A

References in corpus (28)

• Structure and evolution of pre-main sequence circumstellar disks
• The present-day star formation rate of the Milky-Way determined from Spitzer detected young stellar objects
• Short-lived Nuclei in the Early Solar System: Possible AGB Sources
• Towards Characterization of the Type IIP Supernova Progenitor Population: a Statistical Sample of Light Curves from Pan-STARRS1
• A Millimeter Continuum Size-Luminosity Relationship for Protoplanetary Disks
• Physical properties of dusty protoplanetary disks in Lupus: evidence for viscous evolution?
• Protoplanetary Disk Properties in the Orion Nebula Cluster: Initial Results from Deep, High-Resolution ALMA Observations
• Solar system genealogy revealed by extinct short-lived radionuclides in meteorites
• Circumstellar Disk Lifetimes In Numerous Galactic Young Stellar Clusters
• Interaction of Supernova Ejecta with Nearby Protoplanetary Disks
• Measurement of Circumstellar Disk Sizes in the Upper Scorpius OB Association with ALMA
• Short dissipation times of proto-planetary discs - an artifact of selection effects?
• Sizes of protoplanetary discs after star-disc encounters
• Strong effect of the cluster environment on the size of protoplanetary discs?
• SPHRAY: A Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Ray Tracer for Radiative Transfer
• Cluster dynamics largely shapes protoplanetary disc sizes
• Triggered Star Formation Inside the Shell of a Wolf-Rayet Bubble as the origin of the Solar System
• Isotopic enrichment of forming planetary systems from supernova pollution
• The origin and orbit of the old, metal-rich, open cluster NGC 6791: Insights from kinematics
• The signatures of the parental cluster on field planetary systems
• The rate of stellar encounters along a migrating orbit of the Sun
• Transport on Adaptive Random Lattices
• Supernova enrichment of planetary systems in low-mass star clusters
• The consequences of a nearby supernova on the early Solar System
• The secular evolution of the Kuiper belt after a close stellar encounter
• Changes in orientation and shape of protoplanetary discs moving through an ambient medium
• How does a low-mass cut-off in the stellar IMF affect the evolution of young star clusters?
• Formation of Solar system analogues II: post-gas phase growth and water accretion in extended discs via N-body simulations

Cited by in corpus (28)

• Oort cloud Ecology II: The chronology of the formation of the Oort cloud
• A Solar System formation analogue in the Ophiuchus star-forming complex
• External photoevaporation of protoplanetary discs: does location matter?
• Cradle(s) of the Sun
• Significant interstellar object production by close stellar flybys
• Galactic 26Al traces metal loss through hot chimneys
• On the Number of Stars in the Sun's Birth Cluster
• Linking the formation and fate of exo-Kuiper belts within solar system analogues
• Prevalence of short-lived radioactive isotopes across exoplanetary systems inferred from polluted white dwarfs
• Insights on the Sun birth environment in the context of star-cluster formation in hub-filament systems
• The Exosphere as a Boundary: Origin and Evolution of Airless Bodies in the Inner Solar System and Beyond Including Planets with Silicate Atmospheres
• Observational constraints on the likelihood of ${}^{26}$Al in planet-forming environments
• Eta-Earth Revisited II: Deriving a Maximum Number of Earth-like Habitats in the Galactic Disk
• Modification of the radioactive heat budget of Earth-like exoplanets by the loss of primordial atmospheres
• Circumplanetary disk ices. I. Ice formation vs. viscous evolution and grain drift
• Photoevaporation of the Jovian circumplanetary disk I. Explaining the orbit of Callisto and the lack of outer regular satellites
• Isotopic enrichment of planetary systems from Asymptotic Giant Branch stars
• Short-lived radioisotope enrichment in star-forming regions from stellar winds and supernovae
• DESTINY: Database for the Effects of STellar encounters on dIsks and plaNetary sYstems
• A study of the frequency and characteristics of stellar companions and Jupiter-like planets in nearby open clusters
• Oort Cloud Ecology. III. The Sun left the parent star cluster shortly after the giant planets formed
• Oort Cloud Formation and Evolution in Star Clusters
• Simulations of Triple Microlensing Events I: Detectability of a scaled Sun-Jupiter-Saturn System
• Limits on Stellar Flybys in the Solar Birth Cluster
• Self-consistent Conditions for ${}^{26}$Al Injection into Protosolar Disk from a Nearby Supernova
• Stability of a cluster-disrupted mean-motion resonance (chain) in HR 8799 and PDS 70
• Cosmic Radioactivity and Galactic Chemical Evolution
• The Great Planetary Heist: Theft and capture in star-forming regions