Thermodynamics of adiabatic melting of solid ${}^4\mathrm{He}$ in liquid ${}^3\mathrm{He}$

Abstract

In the cooling concept by adiabatic melting, solid ${}^4$He is converted to liquid and mixed with ${}^3$He to produce cooling power directly in the liquid phase. This method overcomes the thermal boundary resistance that conventionally limits the lowest available temperatures in the helium fluids, and hence makes it possible to reach for the temperatures significantly below 100 $\mu$K. In this paper we focus on the thermodynamics of the melting process, and examine the factors affecting the lowest temperatures achievable. We show that the amount of ${}^3$He-${}^4$He mixture in the initial state, before the melting, can substantially lift the final temperature, as its normal Fermi fluid entropy will remain relatively large compared to the entropy of superfluid ${}^3$He. We present the collection of formulas and parameters in order to work out the thermodynamics of the process at very low temperatures, study the heat capacity and entropy of the system with different liquid ${}^3$He, mixture, and solid ${}^4$He contents, and use them to estimate the lowest temperatures achievable by the melting process, as well as compare our calculations to the experimental saturated ${}^3$He-${}^4$He mixture crystallization pressure data. Realistic expectations in the execution of the actual experiment are considered. Further, we study the cooling power of the process, and find the coefficient connecting the melting rate of solid ${}^4$He to the dilution rate of ${}^{3}He$.

arXiv comment10 pages, 5 figures

References in corpus (5)

• A Mixture of Bose and Fermi Superfluids
• Two-Element Mixture of Bose and Fermi Superfluids
• Thermodynamically consistent equilibrium properties of normal-liquid Helium-3
• Measurements on Melting Pressure, Metastable Solid Phases, and Molar Volume of Univariant Saturated Helium Mixture
• Surface Waves on Superfluid 3He and 4He

Cited by in corpus (3)

• Detecting Entrainment in Fermi-Bose Mixtures
• Performance of adiabatic melting as a method to pursue the lowest possible temperature in ${}^3$He and ${}^3$He-${}^4$He mixture at the ${}^4$He crystallization pressure
• Thermal conductivity of superfluid ${}^3$He-B in a tubular channel down to 0.1$T_c$ at the ${}^4$He crystallization pressure