Paired exciton condensate and topological charge-$4e$ composite fermion pairing in half-filled quantum Hall bilayers

Abstract

Half-filled Landau levels admit the theoretically powerful fermion-vortex duality but longstanding puzzles remain in their experimental realization as ${\nu }_T=1$ quantum Hall bilayers, further complicated by Zheng et al's recent numerical discovery of an unknown phase at intermediate layer spacing. Here we propose that half-filled quantum Hall bilayers (${\nu }_T=1$) at intermediate values of the interlayer distance $d/{\ell }_B$ enter a phase with \textit{paired exciton condensation}. This phase shows signatures analogous to the condensate of interlayer excitons (electrons bound to opposite-layer holes) well-known for small $d$ but importantly condenses only exciton pairs. To study it theoretically we derive an effective Hamiltonian for bosonic excitons $b_k$ and show that the single-boson condensate suddenly vanishes for $d$ above a critical $d_{c1}\approx 0.95l_B$. The nonzero condensation fraction $n_0=⟨b(0){⟩}^2$ at $d_{c1}$ suggests that the phase stiffness remains nonzero for a range of $d>d_{c1}$ via an intermediate phase of paired-exciton condensation, exhibiting $⟨bb⟩\ne 0$ while $⟨b⟩=0$. Motivated by these results we derive a $K$-matrix description of the paired exciton condensate's topological properties from composite boson theory. The elementary charged excitation is a half meron with $\frac{1}{4}$ charge and fractional self-statistics ${\theta }_s=\frac{\pi }{16}$. Finally we argue for an equivalent description via the $d=\infty$ limit through topological charge-$4e$ pairing of composite fermions. We suggest graphene double layers should access this phase and propose various experimental signatures, including an Ising transition $T_{Ising}$ below the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition $T_{BKT}$ at $d\sim d_{c1}$.

9 pages, 2 figures