Artificial chemotaxis of phoretic swimmers: Instantaneous and long-time behaviour

Abstract

Phoretic swimmers are a class of artificial active particles that has received significant attention in recent years. By making use of self-generated gradients (e.g. in temperature, electric potential or some chemical product) phoretic swimmers are capable of self-propulsion without the complications of mobile body parts or a controlled external field. Focusing on diffusiophoresis, we quantify in this paper the mechanisms through which phoretic particles may achieve chemotaxis, both at the individual and the non-interacting population level. We first derive a fully analytical law for the instantaneous propulsion and orientation of a phoretic swimmer with general axisymmetric surface properties, in the limit of zero Péclet number and small Damköhler number. We then apply our results to the case of a Janus sphere, one of the most common designs of phoretic swimmers used in experimental studies. We next put forward a novel application of generalised Taylor dispersion theory in order to characterise the long-time behaviour of a population of non-interacting phoretic swimmers. We compare our theoretical results with numerical simulations for the mean drift and anisotropic diffusion of phoretic swimmers in chemical gradients. Our results will help inform the design of phoretic swimmers in future experimental applications.

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• Theory of light-activated catalytic Janus particles
• Enhanced diffusion and enzyme dissociation
• Modeling chemo-hydrodynamic interactions of phoretic particles: a unified framework
• Hydrochemical interactions of phoretic particles: a regularized multipole framework
• Hydro-chemical interactions in dilute phoretic suspensions: from individual particle properties to collective organization
• Stochastic dynamics of dissolving active particles
• Self-organisation of auto-phoretic suspensions in confined shear flows