TTV-determined Masses for Warm Jupiters and their Close Planetary Companions

Abstract

Although the formation and the properties of hot Jupiters (with orbital periods $P<10$d) have attracted a great deal of attention, the origins of warm Jupiters ($10<P<100$d) are less well-studied. Using a transit timing analysis, we present the orbital parameters of five planetary systems containing warm Jupiters, Kepler 30, Kepler 117, Kepler 302, Kepler 487 and Kepler 418. Three of them, Kepler-30 c($M_p=549.4\pm 5.6M_{\oplus }$), Kepler-117 c($M_p=702\pm 63M_{\oplus }$) and Kepler 302 c($M_p=933\pm 527M_{\oplus }$), are confirmed to be real warm Jupiters based on their mass. Insights drawn from the radius-temperature relationship lead to the inference that hot Jupiters and warm Jupiters can be roughly separated by $T_{\mathrm{eff},\mathrm{c}}=1123.7\pm 3.3$ K. Also, $T_{\mathrm{eff},\mathrm{c}}$ provides a good separation for Jupiters with companion fraction consistent with zero($T_{\mathrm{eff}}>T_{\mathrm{eff},\mathrm{c}}$) and those with companion fraction significantly different from zero ($T_{\mathrm{eff}}<T_{\mathrm{eff},\mathrm{c}}$).

9 pages, 17 figures, accepted for publication in The Astronomical Journal