Light nuclei production as a probe of the QCD phase diagram

Abstract

It is generally believed that the quark-hadron transition at small values of baryon chemical potentials $\hat{I}{¼}_B$ is a crossover but changes to a first-order phase transition with an associated critical endpoint (CEP) as $\hat{I}{¼}_B$ increases. Such a $\hat{I}{¼}_B$-dependent quark-hadron transition is expected to result in a double-peak structure in the collision energy dependence of the baryon density fluctuation in heavy-ion collisions with one at lower energy due to the spinodal instability during the first-order phase transition and another at higher energy due to the critical fluctuations in the vicinity of the CEP. By analyzing the data on the $p$, d and ${}^3$H yields in central heavy-ion collisions within the coalescence model for light nuclei production, we find that the relative neutron density fluctuation $\hat{I}”\ddot{I}{}_n=⟨(\hat{I}´\ddot{I}{}_n{)}^2⟩/⟨\ddot{I}{}_n{⟩}^2$ at kinetic freeze-out indeed displays a clear peak at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=8.8$ GeV and a possible strong re-enhancement at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=4.86$ GeV. Our findings thus provide a strong support for the existence of a first-order phase transition at large $\hat{I}{¼}_B$ and its critical endpoint at a smaller $\hat{I}{¼}_B$ in the temperature versus baryon chemical potential plane of the QCD phase diagram.

7 pages, 2 figures, 1 table. Significantly expanded to include some details and discussions. Accepted version to appear in PLB