Doppler cooling thermometry of a multi-level ion in the presence of micromotion

Abstract

We study the time-dependent fluorescence of an initially hot, multi-level, single atomic ion trapped in a radio-frequency Paul trap during Doppler cooling. We have developed an analytical model that describes the fluorescence dynamics during Doppler cooling which is used to extract the initial energy of the ion. While previous models of Doppler cooling thermometry were limited to atoms with a two-level energy structure and neglected the effect of the trap oscillating electric fields, our model applies to atoms with multi-level energy structure and takes into account the influence of micromotion on the cooling dynamics. This thermometry applies to any initial energy distribution. We experimentally test our model with an ion prepared in a coherent, thermal and Tsallis energy distributions.

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• Single-shot energy measurement of a single atom and the direct reconstruction of its energy distribution
• Laserless quantum gates for electric dipoles in thermal motion
• Far-from-equilibrium noise heating and laser cooling dynamics in radio-frequency Paul traps
• Absolute Single Ion Thermometry
• Generation of a single ion large oscillator
• Tuning nonthermal distributions to thermal ones in time-dependent Paul traps
• Can a periodically driven particle resist laser cooling and noise?
• Ion counting and temperature determination of Coulomb-crystallized laser-cooled ions in traps using convolutional neural networks
• Numerical modeling for trapped-ion thermometry using dark resonances