Conditional $1/f^{\alpha }$ noise: from single molecules to macroscopic measurements

Abstract

We demonstrate that the measurement of $1/f^{\alpha }$ noise at the single molecule or nano-object limit is remarkably distinct from the macroscopic measurement over a large sample. The single particle measurements yield a conditional time-dependent spectrum. However, the number of units fluctuating on the time scale of the experiment is increasing in such a way that the macroscopic measurements appear perfectly stationary. The single particle power spectrum is a conditional spectrum, in the sense that we must make a distinction between idler and non-idler units on the time scale of the experiment. We demonstrate our results based on stochastic and deterministic models, in particular the well known superposition of Lorentzians approach, the blinking quantum dot model, and deterministic dynamics generated by non-linear mapping. Our results show that the $1/f^{\alpha }$ spectrum is inherently nonstationary even if the macroscopic measurement completely obscures the underlying time dependence of the phenomena.

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• $1/f$ noise from the sequence of nonoverlapping rectangular pulses
• $1/f$ noise in semiconductors arising from the heterogeneous detrapping process of individual charge carriers
• Immediate recapture in the trapping-detrapping process of a single charge carrier